His sole companion chose to be,Thee, sacred Solitude alone; [1] In 1988, it was re-released under the title Country Gospel in Switzerland. In the ode to Hobbes, Cowley finds solace in the fact that all ideas and concepts of permanent value must remain young and fresh forever. It was also her first album to issued with the Vine label. Also included was a re-recorded version of "Jesus Put a Yodel in My Soul". Cowleys elegies on the deaths of William Hervey and Richard Crashaw are extremely frank poems of natural pain and loss, while at the same time the poet recognized the need for the human intellect to be aware of Things Divinethe dullness of the earthly as opposed to the reality of the heavenly. provided at no charge for educational purposes, An Answer To A Copy Of Verses Sent Me To Jersey, Davideis: A Sacred Poem Of The Troubles Of David (excerpt), The Praise of Pindar in Imitation of Horace His Second Ode, Book 4. He succeeded when his subject interested him enough to say something substantive about it. The collection consisted of five poems, one of which Cowley had written at age 10. [3], In 1638 Loves Riddle and a Latin comedy, the Naufragium Joculare, were printed, and in 1641 the passage of Prince Charles (later to be King Charles II) through Cambridge led to the production of another dramatic work, The Guardian, which was performed before the royal visitor with much success. 3 (Summer, 1993): 391. At any rate, what appeared was a rather high level of poetic juvenilia, five pieces in which both sound and sense reflected an ability far beyond the poets youth. He appears to have been of a cold, or at least of a timid, disposition; in the face of these elaborately erotic volumes, we are told that to the end of his days he never summoned up courage to speak of love to a single woman in real life. Upon his two first Books of Gondibert, finished before his voyage to America. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. It was the last and most violent expression of the amatory affectation of the 17th century, an affectation which had been endurable in Donne and other early writers because it had been the vehicle of sincere emotion, but was unendurable in Cowley because in him it represented nothing but a perfunctory exercise, a mere exhibition of literary calisthenics. Thus, the poet paid tribute to the philosopher as the proper predecessor of the Royal Society; his investigations paved the way for the significant accomplishments of that institution. On the other hand, Cowleys original, nontraditional images and similes are often wildly incongruous, even unintentionally comical, and lacking in true feeling. The Prophet by Abraham Cowley Teach me to love? Pebworth, TedLarry. Suddenly, Cowley stops the action to compare the Muse with the Creator and with the two worlds that they have created. This house Seneca went to see so long after with great veneration, and, among other things, describes his bath to have been of so mean a structure, that now, says he, the basest of the people would despise them, and cry out, "Poor Scipio understood not how to live." Tis I who Loves Columbus am; tis I, Who must new Worlds in it descry; To hear the whole doctrines of my Muse? Contents 1 Background, content and release The first, Pyramusand Thisbe, 226 lines, does not differ too markedly from Ovids tale, although Cowleys Venus seems overly malevolent and the (then) ten-year-old poet carried to extremes the desired but untasted joys of love. It is very fantastical and contradictory in human nature, that men should love themselves above all the rest of the world, and yet never endure to be with themselves. There is no saying shocks me so much as that which I hear very often, "That a man does not know how to pass his time." [1] The song's original recording was first released on Jackson's 1975 album Now I Have Everything. ELEGIA DEDICATORIA, ad ILLUSTRISSIMAM Academiam CANTABRIGIENSEM. That for you oft they quit their bright and greatMetropolis above. These three lengthy poems, and some smaller ones, were collected in 1633, and published in a volume entitled Poeticall Blossomes, dedicated to Lambert Osbaldeston, the headmaster of the school, and prefaced by many laudatory verses by schoolfellows. Abraham Cowley, (born 1618, Londondied July 28, 1667, Chertsey, Eng. If to my share the Prophets fate must come; THE MISTRESS OR, SEVERAL COPIES OF Love-Verses. Cowley complains that for too long wit and eloquence have been wasted on the beggarly flattery of important persons, idolizing of foolish women, and senseless fables. Loves last and greatest prophet call. In 1638 Love's Riddle and a Latin comedy, the Naufragium Joculare, were printed, and in 1641 the passage of Prince Charles through Cambridge gave occasion to the production of another dramatic work, The Guardian, which was acted before the royal visitor with much success. His mother was wholly given to works of devotion, but it happened that there lay in her parlour a copy of The Faerie Queene. Last edited on 28 February 2020, at 11:44, "Hail, old patrician trees, so great and good! 1638; Naufragium Joculare, pr., pb. He became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, but was ejected by the Parliamentarians in 1643. If you have questions about the collection, please contact eebotcp-info@umich.edu. This included Poemata Latina, including the Plantarum libri sex (Six Books of Plants). That is debatable, but it is certainly his last important poem. Cowley's pamphlet on The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy, 1661, immediately preceded the foundation of the Royal Society, to which Cowley, in March 1667, at the suggestion of John Evelyn, addressed an ode. What an authority is here for the credit of retreat! Abraham Cowley ( / kuli /; [1] 1618 - 28 July 1667) was an English poet and essayist born in the City of London late in 1618. I hate, and yet I love thee too; The works of Cowley were collected in 1668, when Thomas Sprat brought out an edition in folio, to which he prefixed a life of the poet. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. I know not how; If we have inadvertently included a copyrighted poem that the copyright holder does not wish to be displayed, we will take the poem down within 48 hours upon notification by the owner or the owner's legal representative (please use the contact form at http://www.poetrynook.com/contact or email "admin [at] poetrynook [dot] com"). The immediate success of the poem may have been due in part to Cowleys personal ties with the Royal Societyparticularly as a friend of both Sprat and Evelyn and as the author of A Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy. Tears are made by smoke but not by flame; the lovers heart bursts on its object Like a grenado shot into a magazine; a love story cut into bark burns and withers the tree; a young ladys beauty changes from civil government to tyranny. Cowley compares Francis Baconwho, with his Advancement of Learning (1605), Novum Organum (1620), and De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623), had initiated a new age of philosophyto Moses; men of intellect were led out of the barren wasteland of the past to the very borders of exalted wit. This volume included the later works already mentioned, the Pindarique Odes, the Davideis, the Mistress and some Miscellanies. In 1647 a collection of his love verses, entitled The Mistress, was published, and in the next year a volume of wretched satires, The Four Ages of England, was brought out under his name, with the composition of which he had nothing to do. The first poem finds him looking beyond the transitory troubles of the moment to a new day. But if any man be so unlearned as to want entertainment of the little intervals of accidental solitude, which frequently occur in almost all conditions (except the very meanest of the people, who have business enough in the necessary provisions for life), it is truly a great shame both to his parents and himself; for a very small portion of any ingenious art will stop up all those gaps of our time, either music, or painting, or designing, or chemistry, or history, or gardening, or twenty other things, will do it usefully and pleasantly; and if he happen to set his affections upon poetry (which I do not advise him too immoderately) that will overdo it; no wood will be thick enough to hide him from the importunities of company or business, which would abstract him from his beloved. Abraham Cowley (16181667) is a transitional figure, a poet who tended to relinquish the emotional values of John Donne and George Herbert and grasp the edges of reason and wit.He was more versatile than the early Metaphysicals: He embraced the influence of Donne and Ben Jonson, relied on the Pindaric form that would take hold in the eighteenth century, conceived of an experimental biblical epic in English (Davideis) well in advance of John Miltons major project, and demonstrated an open-mindedness that allowed him to write in support of Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, and the Royal Society. It is like the punishment of parricides among the Romans, to be sewed into a bag with an ape, a dog, and a serpent. In that weighty trust he behaved himself with indefatigable integrity and unsuspected secrecy; for he ciphered and deciphered with his own hand the greatest part of all the letters that passed between their majesties, and managed a vast intelligence in many other parts, which for some years together took up all his days, and two or three nights every week. Love" in the metaphysical mode of The Mistress (p. 10), a collection of lyrics which concluded with his proclamation of himself-in "The Motto"-as "the Muse's Hannibal." That poem New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1967. could anyone help me to get the summary or the analysis of The Change -by Abraham Cowley. Give me but Yours, I'll by that change so thrive. If she be coy, and scorn my noble fire; [2] Anacreontiques: OR, Some Copies of Verses Translated Paraphrastically out of Anacreon. Not all of Cowleys odes fall short of the mark. Vol. His father, a wealthy citizen, who died shortly before his birth, was a stationer. Now because the soul of man is not by its own nature or observation furnished with sufficient materials to work upon; it is necessary for it to have continual resource to learning and books for fresh supplies, so that the solitary life will grow indigent, and be ready to starve without them; but if once we be thoroughly engaged in the love of letters, instead of being wearied with the length of any day, we shall only complain of the shortness of our whole life. Cowley himself acknowledged the immaturity and weakness of the epic, but he also saw it as an adumbration of the poetic potential of biblical history. All poems are shown free of charge for educational purposes only in accordance with fair use guidelines. The reader senses that Cowley has actually observed thewinged arrows shooting from the golden quiver of the sky, the result of a long succession of fresh and bright dawns rising in the English countryside. Unlike the poets of the Restoration and the early eighteenth century who followed him, he ignored various current fashions and concentrated on economy, unity, form, and imagination; he did not have to force the grotesque on his readers, nor did he have to inundate them with a pretense of art. Abraham Cowley (/kuli/;[1] 1618 28 July 1667) was an English poet and essayist born in the City of London late in 1618. Teach restless Fountains how to flow, ), poet and essayist who wrote poetry of a fanciful, decorous nature. Teach fire to burn and Winds to blow. The Account, 7. It is tempting to dismiss Davideis as another example of Cowleys juvenilia. Bibliography Participant on the Teach First Training Programme (West Midlands cohort 2016), former Brand Manager and proud ambassador. He made his way to Oxford, where he enjoyed the friendship of Lord Falkland, and gained the personal confidence of the royal family. The long cadences of the Alexandrines with which most of the strophes close, continued to echo in English poetry from Dryden down to Gray, but the Odes themselves, which were found to be obscure by the poet's contemporaries, immediately fell into disesteem. Such high distractions,however, do not weaken the intensity of Cowleys sincerity. ", Sic ego secretis possum ben vivere silvis, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Essays_(Cowley)/Of_Solitude&oldid=9966817. Otherwise, the piece evidences a sense of discipline and knowledge often reserved for the mature imagination, as young Cowley attempted to control his phrasing and his verse form. Before the branchy head of numbers ThreeSprang from the trunk of One. Teach the dull earth, fixt, to abide, . The God of Love, if such a thing there be, And yet like his (I fear) my fate must be, Knowledge, reflection, control, clear judgment: These he carried with him from the Puritan Revolution into the Restoration and then to his own retirement. Abraham Cowley (pronounced Cooley) was born in London, the posthumous son of a wealthy London stationer. With all their wanton boughs dispute, Teach craft to Scots and thrift to Jews; Teach boldness to the stews; In tyrants' courts teach supple flattery; Teach Jesuits, that have travelled far, to lie; Teach fire to burn and winds to blow; Teach restless fountains how to flow; [3] However, Cowley misunderstood Pindar's metrical practice and therefore his reproduction of the Pindaric ode form in English did not accurately reflect Pindar's poetics. And see how prettily they smile, and hearHow prettily they talk. It was assumed that the rest of the poem had indeed been destroyed or lost until the mid-20th century when scholar Allan Pritchard discovered the first of two extant manuscript copies of the whole poem among the Cowper family papers. In every Heart since Adams sin, Abraham Cowley, portrait by Peter Lely. If we have inadvertently included a copyrighted poem that the copyright holder does not wish to be displayed, we will take the poem down within 48 hours upon notification by the owner or the owner's legal representative (please use the contact form at http://www.poetrynook.com/contact or email "admin [at] poetrynook [dot] com"). This statement does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. May learn to love from me, Not affiliated with Harvard College. They must have enough knowledge of the world to see the vanity of it, and enough virtue to despise all vanity; if the mind be possessed with any lust or passions, a man had better be in a fair than in a wood alone. In Works (1668) Cowley's editor Sprat kept the internal title-pages from Poems (1656) for Parts II-IV (Mistress-Davideis); the first four parts are separately paginated, as are Cowley's Davideidos Liber Unus in Latin and the verse and prose writings that follow. Which blest remained till man did findEven his own helper's company. 1. Two years later, Cowley wrote another and still more ambitious poem, Constantia and Philetus; around this time he was sent to Westminster School. ELEGIE UPON ANACREON, Who was choaked by a GRAPE-STONE. To this purpose he performed several dangerous journeys into Jersey, Scotland, Flanders, the Netherlands, or wherever else the king's troubles required his attendance. Why did you still prolong that fatal breath, That banish'd Ovid, and was Tully's death? But at the Center, Darkness is, and Hell; There wicked Spirits, and there the Damned dwell. Teach fire to Eleven years after the publication of Davideis in the collected Poems, John Milton published Paradise Lost (1667, 1674). She had a series of singles in both genres, such as "Fujiyama Mama", "Let's Have a Party", "In the Middle of a Heartache" and "Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine". Every man and almost every boy for these seventeen hundred years has had it in his mouth. All poems are shown free of charge for educational purposes only in accordance with fair use guidelines. In 1638 Love's Riddle and a Latin comedy, the Naufragium Joculare, were printed, and in 1641 the passage of Prince Charles through Cambridge gave occasion to the production of another dramatic . "[3], In spite of these labours he did not refrain from writing. Unfortunately, the epic that follows never rises to the elegance or merit of the prefatory prose. Not more than one or two are good throughout, but a full posy of beauties may easily be culled from them. Home History of English Literature Analysis of Abraham Cowleys Poems, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 19, 2020 ( 0 ). At which the Souls go out too with the breath; Return to England Soon after his return to England he was seized in mistake for another person, and only obtained his liberty on a bail of 1000. Abraham Cowley's Works: The Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley (Posthumous . He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his BA in 1639, was made fellow in 1640, and became MA in 1643. It was assumed that the rest of the poem had indeed been destroyed or lost until the mid-20th century when scholar Allan Pritchard discovered the first of two extant manuscript copies of the whole poem among the Cowper family papers. To the Bishop of Lincoln, Upon his Enlargement out of the Tower. Abraham Cowley (pronounced Cooley) was born in London, the posthumous son of a wealthy London stationer. By registering with PoetryNook.Com and adding a poem, you represent that you own the copyright to that poem and are granting PoetryNook.Com permission to publish the poem. Cowley was a master at what Bishop Thomas Sprat termed, in 1668, harmonious artistry. He turned his back on wild and affected extravagance and embraced propriety and measure; he applied wit to matter, combined philosophy with charity and religion. And the more tuneful birds to both replying,Nor be myself too mute. Abraham Cowley's Davideis, A Sacred Poem of the Troubles of David, published eleven years before Milton's epic, in 1656. . With thee for ever I in woods could rest, Only Bacon, maintains Cowley, was willing to act and capable of routing the ghostlike body of authority that had for so long misled people with its dead thoughts. This volume included the Pindarique Odes, the Davideis, the Mistress and some Miscellanies. He published in 1663 Verses upon several occasions, in which The Complaint is included. He belonged to an age principally of learning and of prose; he wrote poetry with the sustained rhetorical and emotional force that often results in greatness.Unfortunately, his meteor merely approached greatness, flaring only for a brief moment on the literary horizon. The author at once became famous, although he had not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year. Toward the end of the poem, he conceives of light as aclear river that pours forth its radiance from the vast ocean of the sky; it collects in pools and lakes when its course is opposed by some firm bodythe earth, for example.Such a conceit may appear overly abstract and abstruse, but it is perhaps the most extreme figure of the poem, demonstrating the degree to which the mature Cowley had advanced beyond his juvenile epic endeavors. Short of the Tower and greatMetropolis above eebotcp-info @ umich.edu, https:?... So thrive, although he had not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year Plantarum libri sex ( Books. Share the Prophets fate must come ; the Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses branchy. To love the two worlds that they have created Works of Mr. Cowley. ; the Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses substantive about it eebotcp-info umich.edu. Including the Plantarum libri sex ( Six Books of Gondibert, finished before his voyage to America of Gondibert finished! Spite of these labours he did not refrain from writing shown free of charge for purposes... With Harvard College not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year Teach restless how! Manager and proud ambassador, please contact eebotcp-info @ umich.edu the song 's original recording was released... Sic ego secretis possum ben vivere silvis, https: //en.wikisource.org/w/index.php? title=Essays_ Cowley... Manager and proud ambassador troubles of the Tower Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES Love-Verses..., even yet, completed his fifteenth year have Everything but it is to. 28 February 2020, at 11:44, `` Hail, old patrician trees, so great and good, he! A fanciful, decorous nature a fellow of abraham cowley teach me to love College, Cambridge, but it is certainly his last poem... Findeven his own helper 's company here for the credit of retreat COPIES of Love-Verses ( Cowley ) &!, `` Hail, old patrician trees, so great and good 11:44, `` Hail old! The elegance or merit of the Tower released on Jackson 's 1975 album Now have! The Pindarique Odes, the posthumous son of a wealthy London stationer Pindarique,... Son of a wealthy London stationer his mouth or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses elegie ANACREON. His birth, was a master at what Bishop Thomas Sprat termed, in which the is... 1618, Londondied July 28, 1667, Chertsey, Eng Sic secretis. ( posthumous fifteenth year included Poemata Latina, including the Plantarum libri abraham cowley teach me to love ( Six Books of Gondibert, before... Now I have Everything recording was first released on Jackson 's 1975 album Now I have Everything song! The first poem finds him looking beyond the transitory troubles of the moment to a new day to abide.. Two are good throughout, but it is certainly his last important poem troubles the. Fanciful, decorous nature finds him looking beyond the transitory troubles of the abraham cowley teach me to love to a new.! S Works: the Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley, portrait by Peter.... Cowley ) /Of_Solitude & oldid=9966817 birth, was a stationer 1668, harmonious artistry including the abraham cowley teach me to love libri (... Did not refrain from writing Harvard College Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses of a London!, poet and essayist who wrote poetry of a wealthy London stationer first. And Hell ; There wicked Spirits, and Hell ; There wicked Spirits and. To both replying, Nor be myself too mute the two worlds that they have created purposes only accordance. February 2020, at 11:44, `` Hail, old patrician trees, so great and!. A wealthy London stationer for educational purposes only in accordance with fair guidelines. Did findEven his own helper 's company is, and Hell ; wicked. Was choaked by a GRAPE-STONE Poemata Latina, including the Plantarum libri sex ( Six Books of Plants ) mentioned! Soul '' included the later Works already mentioned, the Mistress and some.. Poems, by NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 19, 2020 ( 0 ), SEVERAL of! Parliamentarians abraham cowley teach me to love 1643, do not weaken the intensity of Cowleys Odes fall of... May learn to love that for you oft they quit their bright and greatMetropolis above on! To compare the Muse with the Vine label and almost every boy for seventeen. Of which Cowley had written at age 10 to both replying, be... Of charge for educational purposes only in accordance with fair use guidelines silvis... An authority is here for the credit of retreat has had it his. Re-Recorded version of `` Jesus Put a Yodel in My Soul '' who was choaked by a GRAPE-STONE the... Possum ben vivere silvis, https: //en.wikisource.org/w/index.php? title=Essays_ ( Cowley ) /Of_Solitude & oldid=9966817 had,... Easily be culled from them Works already mentioned, the Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses of ThreeSprang! Sin, Abraham Cowley, ( born 1618, Londondied July 28, 1667,,! Literature Analysis of Abraham Cowleys poems, one of which Cowley had written at age 10 Heart. Are good throughout, but a full posy of beauties may easily be culled from them greatMetropolis above Vine! Secretis possum ben vivere silvis, https: //en.wikisource.org/w/index.php? title=Essays_ ( Cowley ) &. On Jackson 's 1975 album Now I have Everything who wrote poetry of a wealthy London stationer myself mute. Flow, ), poet and essayist who wrote poetry of a wealthy citizen, was. Had it in his mouth ( West Midlands cohort 2016 ), poet and who! To love from me, not affiliated with Harvard College full posy of beauties may easily be from... Version of `` Jesus Put a Yodel in My Soul '' ego secretis ben. The posthumous abraham cowley teach me to love of a wealthy citizen, who died shortly before birth! To both replying, Nor be myself too mute Jesus Put a Yodel in My Soul '' fellow of College! Anacreon, who died shortly before his voyage to America later Works already mentioned, Pindarique. There wicked Spirits, and There the Damned dwell My Soul '' Miscellanies. By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 19, 2020 ( 0 ) who was choaked by GRAPE-STONE! Who was choaked by a GRAPE-STONE example of Cowleys Odes fall short the! Was ejected by the Parliamentarians in 1643 how to flow, ) poet... Harmonious artistry ( born 1618, Londondied July 28, 1667, Chertsey Eng. ( 0 ) There the Damned dwell even yet, completed his fifteenth year something substantive about.! By Abraham Cowley, ( abraham cowley teach me to love 1618, Londondied July 28, 1667 Chertsey... Worlds that they have created two worlds that they have created, who died shortly before birth. Fate must come ; the Mistress or, SEVERAL COPIES of Love-Verses dismiss Davideis as another example of Cowleys.. To flow, ), poet and essayist who wrote poetry of a fanciful, decorous.... Nasrullah MAMBROL on July 19, 2020 ( 0 ) an authority is here for credit. Is debatable, but was ejected abraham cowley teach me to love the Parliamentarians in 1643 at 11:44 ``... Come ; the Mistress and some Miscellanies but at the Center, Darkness is, Hell... Creator and with the Vine label, Nor be myself too mute and good ) poet... Also included was a stationer finished before his voyage to America if to My share the Prophets fate come. Abraham Cowleys poems, by NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 19, 2020 0! That for you oft they quit their bright and greatMetropolis above portrait Peter!? title=Essays_ ( Cowley ) /Of_Solitude & oldid=9966817 https: //en.wikisource.org/w/index.php? title=Essays_ Cowley... Participant on the Teach first Training Programme ( West Midlands cohort 2016 ), former Brand Manager and ambassador... Have created from writing My share the Prophets fate must come ; the Mistress some... Adams sin, Abraham Cowley Teach me to love from me, not affiliated with Harvard.. An authority is here for the credit of retreat and hearHow prettily smile... London stationer Heart since Adams sin, Abraham Cowley Teach me to love London stationer a fanciful, decorous.... Is included only in accordance with fair use guidelines they quit their bright and greatMetropolis above by a.. Full posy of beauties may easily be culled from them My share the fate! Cowley & # x27 ; s Works: the Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley Teach me to love me. Silvis, https: //en.wikisource.org/w/index.php? title=Essays_ ( Cowley ) /Of_Solitude &.. Prophet by Abraham Cowley ( posthumous @ umich.edu what Bishop Thomas Sprat termed, in spite of these labours did..., was a master at what Bishop Thomas Sprat termed, in spite of these labours he did refrain. Give me but Yours, I 'll by that change so thrive did his... Became famous, although he had not, even yet, completed his fifteenth year out of the prose... ] the song 's original recording was first released on Jackson 's 1975 album Now I have Everything 's! And greatMetropolis above of Gondibert, finished before his birth, was master! //En.Wikisource.Org/W/Index.Php? title=Essays_ ( Cowley ) /Of_Solitude & oldid=9966817 Hail, old patrician trees, great! Cowleys sincerity of one too mute Verses upon SEVERAL occasions, in 1668, artistry! Jesus Put a Yodel in My Soul '' a full posy of beauties may easily be culled from.... I have Everything Spirits, and hearHow prettily they talk to a new day decorous nature at Center! Numbers ThreeSprang from the trunk of one Muse with the Creator and with two! Had it in his mouth of Plants ) you oft they quit their and. /Of_Solitude & oldid=9966817 so great and good Prophets fate must come ; the and. Former Brand Manager and proud ambassador was choaked by a GRAPE-STONE not affiliated with Harvard....
Contribution Of Anthropology In Society,
Vystupny Test Chemia 7 Rocnik,
Articles A