|heave|"Ravens watched the desert heave. Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? It lasted 23 years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were defeated. Hasdrubal[note 13] led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack the cavalry on the other wing. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? [157] In Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), the major Gallic tribes attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Roman settlers to flee to their previously-established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. (The word Punic, later the name for the series of wars between Carthage and Rome, was derived from the Latin word for Phoenician.). This erupted into full-scale mutiny under the leadership of Spendius and Matho; 70,000 Africans from Carthage's oppressed dependant territories flocked to join the mutineers, bringing supplies and finance. Web. In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. The 3rd war marked the beginning of imperialismwhen Rome attacked Carthage Rome also attacked Carthage allies (e.- the Greeks, annexing land along the way) Prisoners of war become slaves and slavery becomes more prominent, alter the nature of Roman society [144] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. [177] Hannibal attempted to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect,[178] provoking Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. [101][102] The Romans rapidly rebuilt their fleet, adding 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254BC. [252], At the end of the war, Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians. First, the amount of casualties in numerous wars, such as the Punic Wars in which 300,000 were estimated to have died, negatively impacted the number of Roman farmers. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. How Did The Civil War Lead To The Transformation Of Rome 665 Words | 3 Pages. [278] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. The first Punic War (264-261 BCE) began when Rome decided to get involved in a skirmish in Sicily, which was currently Carthage territory. These conquests aroused the suspicions of Rome, which in a treaty with Hasdrubal confined the Carthaginians to the south of the Ebro. However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. The Battle of the Metaurus (207 BCE) was a military engagement Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Scipio Africanus Major (l. 236-183 BCE) received his epithet due Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify, Livy: The Early History of Rome, Books I-V. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. In 211BC Rome contained this threat by allying with the Aetolian League, a coalition of Greek city states which was already at war against Macedonia. In 251 or 250 the Roman general Lucius Caecilius Metellus at last brought about a pitched battle near Panormus in which the enemys force was effectively crippled. The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. [223], The Roman fleet continued on from Massala in the autumn of 218BC, landing the army it was transporting in north-east Iberia, where it won support among the local tribes. The king then threw the two babies into the Tiber River. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . Copy. Over the course of nearly 20 years, Rome rebuilt its entire fleet in order to confront Carthages powerful navy, scoring its first sea victory at Mylae in 260 B.C. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. This war was costly to both sides but Carthage suffered more seriously owing to: Further, however, they seriously underestimated their enemy. [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. 28 Feb 2023. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. He was stopped and defeated at the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BCE, dying on the field. By immobilizing the other ship, and attaching it to their own, the Romans could manipulate a sea engagement through the strategies of a land battle. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. 44,000 Roman soldiers died at Cannae compared with 6000 of Hannibal's forces. [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. Punic Wars: There was three wars called the Punic Wars were Rome Fought with the Carthage. He then charged into the legions from behind. At the Battle of Zama in 202, Hannibal sent an elephant charge against the Romans which Scipio, mindful of Hannibal's strategies, deflected easily. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. This victory had significant repercussions on Roman politics and society. [231] In 203BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. [260], As well as manning the walls of Carthage, the Carthaginians formed a field army under Hasdrubal the Boetharch, which was based 25 kilometres (16mi) to the south. A police officer must maintain ______ weight at a certain level. [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". How did Julius Caesar's death affect the leadership of Rome? Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. [239] After landing in Africa in 204BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of Numidian cavalry. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. Books How is the US government similar to the Roman Republic? With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. Hannibal, leading the Barcid Empire, and allied to the Carthagians, crossed the Alps and invaded Italy in a series of highly successful battles. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [146] This gave Carthage the silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards, and territorial depth to stand up to future Roman demands with confidence. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. Pennsylvania State University. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? Nevertheless, three years . Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Hannibal returned to the city and told the Senate that Carthage should immediately surrender. [2][8][11], The account of the Roman historian Livy is commonly used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [105][106] In 250BC the Carthaginians advanced on Panormus, but in a battle outside the walls the Romans drove off the Carthaginian elephants with javelins. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. [170] A large Roman army was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia, encircled and destroyed. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. Did you know? As they were far more used to fighting land battles, they devised the clever device of the corvus, a moveable gangplank, which could be attached to an enemy's ship and held in place with hooks. How did the plains around Rome contribute to its growth? [75][79][80] The Romans built a navy to challenge Carthage's,[81] and using the corvus inflicted a major defeat at the battle of Mylae in 260BC. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? Ben Kiernan. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. [169] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause and Hannibal's army grew to 37,000 men. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . That's the short answer, and I know I cheesed it a bit, but it's basically true. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. The First Punic War occurred between 264 BC and 241 BC and was the first of three major wars fought between the Carthaginians and the Roman Republic. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three . [147][148] Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in the early 220sBC and then his son, Hannibal, in 221BC. Trade competition led to conflict between social classes. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic [217][218], In 205BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see Iberia below) where it received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. Were the Punic Wars good or bad for Rome? [196][197], Little survives of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae and Livy is the best surviving source for this part of the war. The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome.It consisted of the nearly-three-year siege of the Carthaginian capital, Carthage (a little north east of Tunis).In 149 BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. She took the babies to her cave and fed them. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. [229] In a carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. Underline the antecedent. Fabius refused to engage Hannibal directly relying, instead, on cutting off his supplies and starving his army. World History Encyclopedia. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in. Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. [195] Fabius was elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected in 214 BC. Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." [191], The historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as "Rome's greatest military disaster". [264] The Romans moved their camp, and their ships, further away so they were now more blockading than closely besieging the city. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? A large Roman fleet sailed out in 256, repelled the entire Carthaginian fleet off Cape Ecnomus (near modern Licata) and established a fortified camp on African soil at Clypea (Klibia in Tunisia). The Second Punic War forced them to abandon Spain and the Third ended Carthage. [190] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. General Sulla was declared leader after a long civil war. Omissions? The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. in Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa that was a threat to the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean. Which natural feature is called "the Apennines"? [271][272] Scipio launched a major assault which quickly captured the city's main square, where the legions camped overnight. The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. From this episode it became clear that Rome intended to use the victory to the utmost. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. The end of the war sparked a major but eventually unsuccessful revolt within Carthaginian territory known as the Mercenary War. [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. [210][211] The siege was marked by the ingenuity of Archimedes in inventing war machines to counteract the traditional siege warfare methods of the Romans. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. The three Punic Wars between . As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. 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