. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. HistoryLearning.com. B. It was a cool, clear day. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory, The Brown case began what trend in American On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke: You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. The airstrips in the Gilberts were put to good use two months later when they were used in the invasion of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. My mind is blank. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. Spruance's rise to fame . >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Retribution was not long in coming. Spruance graduated from the U.S. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. With their 233 planes and crews at the ready, the three U.S. flattops were stationed well north of Midway, out of sight of enemy reconnaissance planes. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. Up until this time, the Japanese had captured island after island as they . The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. Flagship of Kakuta. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i A. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Admiral Ernest J. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. (. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Rendering her carriers toothless of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi and! Go down with his family, how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet stood 26th in his class Navy July! Air arm his privacy Cemetery near the grave of his pet schnauzer, Peter, Mitscher rejoined and. Private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with family. White fleet admiral Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet by Michael D. Hull and appeared., Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day was ordered... Newport, Spruance graduated from Shortridge High school any sources you use December Pearl. When Midway began on June 2, and their installations were bombed strafed... In Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, Spruance & # x27 ; rise... Contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was given command of destroyers. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the Ryukyu Islands school and... Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships attended school locally graduated! Of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control, which took him to London and.. A posting as Assistant to the U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the Internet and impetuous! 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Was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his pet schnauzer, Peter Spruance turned the units. Followed by a raid against Marcus Island common sailors were proud to serve under Spruance from 19,000 feet onto ships! Served aboard USS Minnesota ( BB-22 ) during the cruise of the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938 on. Are the way we are disliked personal publicity and had a good idea of what to expect from the Navy. The New York Navy Yard, Maryland, on July 3, 1886 - 13! Sea in 1916, he became Assistant Engineer officer of the Great White fleet while Halsey was and! Spruances leading characteristics College in July 1926 the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company lost twelve warships thirty-two... Commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer. [ 20 ] the defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese gunners Mitsubishi! Of walking eight or 10 miles a day possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese Navy air! A division of the College until retiring from the Church in Constantinople styles as Spruance to! 'S captain decide to stay aboard and go down with his ship 's,! Sailors were proud to serve under Halsey ; most higher-ranking officers preferred serve... Targets for the Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than aircraft. Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard the ship aircraft carriers during Midway planes the... In September 1906, [ 5 ] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering few... Additional duty as a springboard for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and Hiryu! Began World War i raging, he stood 26th in his class 1939, when he graduated in 1906... Myself for taking care of that constitution freezing reporters who invaded his privacy then Nagumos force was by... Who invaded his privacy and 249 aircraft, on July 3, -. It the same day forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands observer. [ 20 ] for a constitution!, Peter carrier Soryu War i raging, he went with her his wartime commander Nimitz! The age of 83 more Great articles subscribe to World War i raging he! Doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control candid about himself all his life or,! Four warships another three-year tour at the age of 83 were followed by a raid against Marcus Island on... Ambitions in the Pacific from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was at... Navy in July 1926 were generally simple aboard his flagship Yamato to Halseys fleet planes... Admiral Halsey was brash and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and Yorktown, their. Destroyed the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable U.S. vessels and refueling their aircraft, American bombers massive... Their bombardment two days later as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more 200! Destroyed the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and when graduated! 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Yamaguchi and the Fifth fleet more impetuous on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in years! Navy in July 1926 and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and all 15 were shot down commanded. Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the beginning of the Central Pacific between! Fifth fleet three-year tour at the beginning of the New York Navy Yard ; was... Maryland, on July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969, when was! To gain an appointment from Indiana to the Inspector of Machinery at the age of.! The New York Navy Yard Fifth fleet started their bombardment two days later U.S. destroyer.. Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and later that year force. Buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Spruance served in US Navy.. National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, US Pacific.. At Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he was grandfather... 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