Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). 22 Feb. 2023 . We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. READ FULL REVIEW >. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. A: Red (See "England" section later in this chapter.). Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. LifeAfter. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. Login. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. Question 9. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. The king personally commanded English The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. They The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. The ships did not set sail again until July. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. . Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Years' War. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that power of the great feudal lords. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. the emperor's wishes. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. Henry declined to join the French effort. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. 2. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. LORD SHIVAJI. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Medina-Sidonia had been ordered not to engage in battle with the English until he had made contact with Parma. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. to Europeans. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. 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