According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . These numbers are actually a lower bound of Indian Americans educational attainment. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. El Salvador 17,907. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. 3 (2005): 169187. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? 2 (2016): 283301. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). Interestingly, more than half of all Hindu respondents (56 percent) celebrate Christmas compared to just one in five Muslim respondents. In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). Follow. By tidal93341. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. To deselect, click outside of the U.S. map. The data for this study are based on an original online surveythe IAASof 1,200 Indian American U.S. residents conducted by YouGov between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. See More by this Creator. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. 11 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, 178. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). When it comes to discussing politics with family and friends, there are only small differences across citizenship status. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Report. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. And collectivelyare mobilizing in response social distance between members of the Indian American has!, however, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends the... Acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study is the third in a series on the Measure, Research... Among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Muslim respondents June 17, 2014 https... Recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents report that most or all of friends... 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