When Moses asks him to release the Israelites, Pharaoh makes the slaves work harder, depriving them of straw to make sun-dried mud bricks, even though the daily quota of finished bricks must remain the same (Exodus 5:7-8). Something similar happened in Nigeria a few years ago . "Pharaoh turned and went into his house, and he did not take even this to heart. But if you put the Exodus at the time just before 2nd Intermediate Period of the Hyksos, it makes sense . The primitive manner in which the culture existed for millennia (polygamy,marketing of slaves and keeping multiple sex slaves etc) and their lack of understanding of even basic natural law clearly reveal the source for the mythology. Therefore, for Solomon to dedicate the Temple in the fourth year of his reign (2 Kings 6:1), and for it to be 480 years after coming into the land from the Exodus: the Exodus entry into Canaan must date to ca. Bozrah is Buseirah Edoms capital, and it is no earlier than the 7th century BC. Therefore c970 480=c1450B.C. Likewise the story of MOSES in its entirety is fictional. Would You punish us for what the debauched among us had done? His son Thutmose was the first born and he mysteriously disappears from the Egyptian records and is said by scholars to have predeceased his father. My papers and other writings are referenced from my web site http://www.creationsixdays.com. Were these shattered tables recast as the Ten Commandments thrown down by Moses at the sound of worship of the Golden Calf (Hat-Hors son)? You are right that the consensus today is that the Pharaoh of the Exodus was not Ramesses the Great, who lived 100-200 years after the Exodus was believed to have occurred. This BAR article is a free abstract from Manfred Bietaks article On the Historicity of the Exodus: What Egyptology Today Can Contribute to Assessing the Biblical Account of the Sojourn in Egypt in Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider and William H.C. Propp, eds., Israels Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture and Geoscience (Cham: Springer, 2015). Assisted by - Quoted sourceThese are my personal research notes gleaned from over 50 plus years of being a bible student - assisted by the following information which . Therefore, if there was an exodus the Israelites did not have a reliable date for it. Im going to assume from this point that nobody has told you that it is nonsense, and you may have been ignorant to its veracity. Everything points to Amenhotep III as the pharaoh Exodus and Akhenaten becoming a monotheist after experiencing the 10 plagues. The Clementine Stromata Book 1, Chapter 21 with Josephus Antiquities of the Jews (AoJ) and the Bible, presents us a clear outline. The Simeonites to Hormah, the Judahites to Hebron and the Reubenites and Gadites with Moses to the Trans-Jordan.. . Has not Allah promised you the good promise, he addressed his people in a rage, does the promise appear to be attained, or do you want that your Lords wrath comes down upon you by breaking my covenant? She ruled from 1354 B.C. In conclusion Amenhotep III is the Pharaoh of the Exodus, Thutmose III is the Pharaoh who was reigning when Moses was born c.1472 BC and his daughter took him in, possibly Beketamun. During the times of the 62nd Olympiad, Heraclitus wrote that the Trojan War and the First Olympiad were separated by 407 [10-month] years (Clement, Miscellanies, 1.21). After the expulsion of the Hyksos and Israelites from Avaris the Israelites became the Shasu-YHW (wanderers of YHW) in the Trans Jordan for 300 years 1535-1235. Kadesh: 31 years earlier. If youre looking for a firmly biblical academic opinion I would refer you to The Institute for Biblical Archaeology, The Associates for Biblical Research and World of the Bible Ministries. The pharaoh simply shrugs off what happened. About 1195 the Judahites moved to Kadesh Barnea where the 600 members of the Judahite tribes split up into 4 groups. As the sea remained in the same situation, all of the Egyptian army flocked to go through it. Another compelling piece of evidence for the Exodus is found in the biblical text itself. During that time, the Egyptians returned to their policy of killing the newborn Israeli males and enslaving the females. Not only is the Exodus a dead issue, the enslavement, sojourn and military conquest of Canaan are also dead issues. The resident Canaanites had changed also. And they were built for centuries by specialist builders, tradesmen, a sort of civil service. Volunteer magicians came from all over Egypt to the Pharaoh, who accommodated them in his royal palaces and promised to bestow special favors upon them if they won the day. is the point of the greatest trouble in calculating actual years in Greek reckonings. Theres no need to date fictional events in science. 1:11 and the pharaoh of the exodus are not the same. Yet we are culturally, thru ritual , traditions and ideologies, still in 5778.. (or 2018) .. But the plagues lasted for a long period, becoming unbearable, and so they asked Moses: Pray to your Lord God on our behalf to turn away from us His afflictions; if you do, we shall believe in Allah, and shall send the Children of Israel with you. Nevertheless, when We turned the plagues away from them, they abjured their allegiance to Us. The inevitable sequence of the Pharaohs wrong deeds was nearing, and the Children of Israel, acting on Moses commands, had long prepared for the Exodus and were waiting for Allahs Order. In Judges 11:26, Jephthaa speaks of 300 years having passed from the entry of the Hebrews into Israel, to his time. Ill be ordering his other books soon. From 1290 to 1210 the Judahites were conscripted to work on the canals of Pi-Ramesses (See Bietak canals K1 and K2). Because it was during the reign of Merneptah, circa same date, that the title was adopted. Post-539 B.C., we are to calculate against a 12-month calendar. The time of planting, is the most important to calculate, especially in areas of more meager rainfall. (the calculation being now about 73 years prior to the First Olympiad). But the Bible never specifically identifies the pharaoh of the Exodus by name, although it does tell us the exact date of the Exodus. His source was a History of Egypt written in Greek by an Egyptian priest called Manetho. I also believe that the historical writings and books of the Bible, (e.g., the books of Kings and Chronicles), are historical, essential, and highly accurate but, not necessarily divinely inspired, (in the sense of infallibility.) I believe that the proper interpretation may be that Othoniel co-ruled with Joshua (as his general and then as his chief administrator) for 40 years. 2:23 and 4:18 state that the Pharaoh who oppressed Israel is dead, and there is a new pharaoh when Moses returns to Egypt, which means the Pharaoh of Ex. he had his chariot made ready and took his army with him" to pursue the Israelites. Josephus uses the reckoning of the familiar Greek calendar (of his Roman audiences) to state that Solomon built the Temple 592 years after the Hebrew Exodus, before switching gears and reverting to the Jewish calendar of reckoning again. The Calendars were set up, to count time; and, specifically, to recognize the days for the beginnings of the religious festivals, which all have their origin in the cycle of planting, growth, harvest, and dormancy. The mythologies of all peoples, are rooted within the cycle of the seasons, for the most part. Therefore, by reckoning Greek history from fixed dates, we find that Homer died in his 71st or 72nd year of life. 2) Exodus would be in mid-11th century. ), or it is just figurative (to cheat the enemy?). Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, 3 ways Jimmy Carter changed the world for the better, The meaning of the cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. My take is a 15th century (albeit late 15th, not mid) exodus is still not ruled out. This was the Passover. symbolizing that the earth is fit to inhabit after the giant flood has . January-February of 1063 B.C. I did, theyre not wrong it still doesnt prove anything, you still have giant holes in the narrative that does not conform to reality. through Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV). Where did they go? Judges 13: 1 And the children of Israel into the hand of the Philistines 40 years., Clement: Under the power of the foreigners, the Philistines, for 40 years [Cretan based]. Amenhotep III ruled less than 40 years, Rameses II ruled 62 years. On Scientific Semantics of A.Tarski (Warsaw Lwow School of Logic) from 1935 will help in theology also! Her dating for the fall of Jericho between 1350-1325 BCE would necessarily date the Exodus between 1390-1365 BCE (the third quarter of the 14th century B.C.E. and the death of Pamaitic iii, the Egyptian monarchy became Persian. The Levites were split up between these 4 tribes. Among the details of the biblical account of Moses and the Exodus that are pointed to as possible contradictions in the Bible are the details of God's mandate -- as delivered to Pharaoh by Moses and Aaron -- to "let My people go.". Nephilims are translated as giants, but literally, it means the fallen ones, and is a direct reference to those who died in the Red Sea while pursuing Israel. I have heard (read) some of these arguments before and from similarly qualified individuals of various backgrounds. Adding one additional generation takes us to the time of Solomon, resulting in a total of 19 generations, far more than the imagined 12 generations of the late-date theorists. It is well worth seeing what he presents. It is significant that this house was built in Egypt at the same time that Israelites were constructing four-room houses in Canaan. The total time for Israelites and Judahites in Egypt was 430 years if the 10 years of Joseph in Avaris is added to the total, that is 1640-1210 BC. Facts versus fiction? The estimated timing of the Israelite Exodus from Egypt puts it right in the middle of the reign of Ramses II -- widely considered the greatest Pharaoh ever. Judges 12:11 However, after the suppression of Amarna, when the traditional religion came back, something new had been added: dogma. Scripture 1180-1140 B.C. Meanwhile, being informed of the incident, the heart of Moses mother became empty because of fear; and she would have unconcealed her secret had not We fixed calmness on it. Moses sister, Miriam, who was one of the queens maidservants, secretly watched her brother, and she found a chance to recommend to the queen a certain woman to be the babys nurse, for Allah had forbidden for Moses all the nurses a matter that had much worried the queen about her adopted baby. After the defeat of the Egyptian armies in the battle of Pelusium in 525 b.c. For the exodus-pharaoh, the worst part of God's prediction of judgment was that his own firstborn son would die. The narrative has been worked over a number of times which cast doubt on the authenticity of the texts. In relation to Keiths amazing comment, I can only say that if you actually did go to school, learn to read, and understand history, archaeology and theology, you would discover how that most respected, educated and well resourced and evidenced backed scholars, archaeologists, Educated people on Egyptology, historians and more have clearly and without doubt proven that 1) There were no Jews as such in ancient Egypt, and that the Jewish people originated from the Canaan and they were NOT slaves in historical Egypt. 1.26.). The early books of the Bible are simply wrong, these events did not happen. We once liked Kamose as the pharaoh of the Exodus because of his history of attacking the 'Hyksos.'. Also an expert on late night TV, examining their living circumstances, said the Israelites were not slaves, but merely lowly-paid contract workers, Cecil Blount DeMille, not withstanding. Perhaps the real event behind the Bibles Exodus story was the Hyksos expulsion? The affectionate mother, without hesitation, began to act on the Heavenly instructions: she nursed her baby, put him in a wooden sarcophagus, and, before the baby was even given a name, she threw him into the river. Joseph as vizier of the Hyksos The Exodus is a dead issue and has been a dead issue for over 30 years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus In Isaiah 52:4, we find the Jewish history that those who oppressed the Jews in Egypt before the Exodus were not Egyptian at all: they were Syrian or Assyrian. The Judges, like Jephthaa, are more so contemporaneous with the Tell El-Amarna tablets, than is the Exodus to its contents. An ember and a piece of fruit were introduced to the child Moses, in an examination of his awareness, and fortunately he picked up the ember and put it to his tongue. Almost worn out, Moses stopped for a rest at the point of Midians water-well, where he found a group of shepherd men watering their cattle and two women keeping back their animals. The rebellious attitude of the Egyptian magicians added bitterness to the Pharaohs defeat, and he hastened to strike at them by professing that it was a plot which you and Moses had planned together, and so he announced his verdict concerning the new proselytes: I will wed you all to the balm trunks; and I will cut your hands and feet off from your bodies. But still much more bitterness was in store for him, as the new faithful magicians reply came back in open defiance of his punishment: We will never prefer you to what has come to us of the truth; so, dispense what you like to do you are only dispensing in this worldly life! 1211 B.C., some 239 years later. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Read Where Moses Stood for the true facts. So an entire religion is based on a dude saving a large village from Egypt??? Go, worship the LORD as you have requested". Furthermore, geographical Egypt as we see it today was not always united under the same ruler. After the ten plagues, the Israelites left Egypt and famously crossed the Yam Suph (translated Red Sea or Reed Sea), whose waters were miraculously parted for them. The Onomasticon Amenope is a list of categorized words from Egypts Third Intermediate Period. The Israelite tribes were led into Canaan about 1235 by Joshua the Ephraimite, a direct descendant of Joseph. Exodus 7:13 says, "Yet Pharaoh's heart became hard and he would not listen to them, just as the LORD had said.". This same victory is recorded in Judges 13:1, which the biblical record of successions tells us, is 331 years AFTER THE EXODUS. Dig into more than 9,000 articles in the Biblical Archaeology Societys vast library plus much morewith an All-Access pass. A closer look at more details from the time of Akhenaten confirms a better dating for the Exodus to 1386 BCE, rather than to the seemingly popular alternative during the Ramesside period. But in his Antiquities of the Jews, 8.3.1. Absolute Chronology of the Ancient World from 1533 BCE to 140 CE ( https://www.academia.edu/26080694/ ) We have not been able to pull together all the strands of those events. And yes, I saw (and bought) the movie Patterns of Evidence. Well done movie though heavily critiqued by some. The Egyptian records dont indicate what happened to Thutmose he just disappears from the records before Amenhotep died. By sheer determination he fought his way out, but in the light of his purpose the battle was an utter failure. Breathless with excitement, all who came there saw with their own eyes the Egyptian magicians casting onto the ground some sticks and ropes, and, as they all, including Moses and Aaron, were bewitched, the magicians tools appeared to them as if they were moving like snakes. It is likely that a Semitic-speaking population lived in the region long enough that their name eventually supplanted the original. Judges 4:3 [Jabin for ] 20 years mightily oppressed the children of Israel. He associated the Exodus with the Expulsion of the Hyksos by Pharaoh Ahmose I, founder of the 18th Dynasty, circa 1550/1540 BC. However, while this evidence certainly adds weight to the historical accuracy of elements of the biblical account, it cant be used to prove that every detail of the Exodus story in the Bible is true. In short, if we use the reckoning of the Exodus using the Greek Historical Calendar left us by Patristics, we will find that the parallel reckoning of the Exodus must place the event between 1545 to 1570 B.C. Exodus 12:31 During the night Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, "Up! This is a loaded question. He determined at once to kill the child, of whom he had become very suspicious, but the queen managed to make him reprieve the verdict by suggesting putting the boy to a test. I believe in a unfathomably wise, intelligent, and living God, who is running the clock of events, (including signs and wonders), to suit His own agenda not that of those with a stubborn and hard heart, who refuse to believe. He aspired to defeat the Hittites and control all of Syria, but in the fifth year of his reign Ramses walked into a Hittite trap laid for him at Kadesh, on the Orontes River in Syria. Perhaps Rameses III is the Pharaoh of the Exodus, or some Pharaoh after him, like Rameses VI, circa 1130 BC? And you have done your murder, proving that you are one of the ungrateful. All of the lineage , rituals and traditions are based on this date. What if we could clean them out? At the same time, we encounter the aspect of retrojection, by which present interests and concerns are projected into the past, to become exemplary paradigms which enshrine a set of values, hopes and ways of life. Likewise Ex. You shall observe all My laws and all My rules to do them: I am the Lord.". We are caught up, said the followers of Moses to him as they saw the vanguard of the pursuers, but Moses, who had had an abiding faith in Allah, did not turn a hair: Nay, my Lord will guide me. At this very moment Allah ordered Moses to strike with his stick at the sea, which was miraculously parted into two parts: each part was like a momentous mountain. Between the two parts of the divided sea was a dry road through which Moses and the Children of Israel removed safely to the other side. The Judahite tribes stayed in Midian Arabia with Moses father in law Jethro for about 15 years. Different historians have assigned it to the period of the (a) Hyksos (b) Amarna Age (c) Ramses and Merneptah (d) 20th Egyptian Dynasty. All rights reserved, history of the Bible and the search for sacred texts, Who's Who in the Bible: Unforgettable People and Timeless Stories from Genesis to Revelation. The Bibles author believed that a hidden hand (JHWH-Ex.3,14)guides the events (in history) especially the liberation from an oppression and expressed it in a narrative. Unlike the pharaoh who knew Joseph, the pharaoh of Moses is cruel and vindictive. After Amesis, Egypt was ruled by Pharaoh Pamaitic iii. This unjust policy towards the male babies, however, was seen to be threatening in the long run the number of the Israeli people, who were necessary for the many humble works in the land, and so it was changed in due course to be practised biennially: sparing their lives a year, and putting them to death in the next. Persephone, Demeter, and Hades; Sukkot, are specific examples, of the purpose of the calendar. is based on a single eclipse from the Assyrian eponym. They came to live in Egypt, as we have seen, when the familys most brilliant member, Joseph, was occupying one of the highest offices in the land, and their number was constantly increasing throughout the following centuries until they became a distinguished ethnic group in Egypts demography. After their departure, Pharaoh hardened his heart and sent his army after the Israelites, who were encamped near the Red Sea. Her is her quote: Kathleen Kenyon: Digging Up Jericho, Jericho and the Coming of the Watch full-length lectures from the Out of Egypt: Israels Exodus Between Text and Memory, History and Imagination conference, which addressed some of the most challenging issues in Exodus scholarship. Using 304 days, with no days considered in between? Ramses II became king as a teenager and reigned for 67 years. Moses and his people, after they had seen with their own eyes the fate of their enemy, resumed their journey to the site of Mount Al-Tour, where Allah had first spoken to Moses during his return trip from Midian to Egypt, and there they were ordered to settle down. The Exodus recalls the Hyksos expulsion of circa 1540 BC. Hazor, in Canaan, falls to Joshua (Joshua 11:10) and the Israeli archaeologist, Moshe Dothan says he found two Philistine pottery sherds at Hazor, which would align the Exodus with a Philistine presence in Canaan after 1174 BC (see p. 96. Yenoam is made into nonexistence; Israel is wasted, its seed is not. Ashkelon, Gezer and Yenoam are followed by an Egyptian hieroglyph that designates a town. When the story of the exodus is told in Exodus 12:40, however, a different timeline is described: "And the Israelites dwelt in Egypt four . I can accept that much of ancient history is discussed on the basis of minimal or occasional documentation, limited concrete evidence, and just the merest of anything. until 1342 B.C. During their excavations, the University of Chicago uncovered a house and part of another house belonging to the workers who were given the task of demolishing the temple. If this is the case, this supports the validity for and the era of the Tel Amarna tablets. But early dating and not Sothic dating must be used for dating Akhenaten. The name of Moses is the most frequently occurring one in Quran twenty-five times more than the name of Mohammed himself . Quran says that at the time of his death-rattle, the Pharaoh uttered: I have believed that there is no God but that in Whom the Children of Israel believe; and I am of the Muslims . But death-bed conversions are not accepted by Allah, and so Allah drowned the tyrant and destined that the waves would wash up his dead body on the eastern shores of the Red Sea. nor the school which Although The Bible confidently dates the Israelite Exodus from Egypt at around 1440 BCE, there are . BAR is a good resource but has always leaned more academically liberal chronologically (pushing the Exodus from the 1400s to the 1200s BCE) with clear anti-biblical stances on many issues not necessarily neutral. What is that Lord of the existence? How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. (c) Exodus 12:40 gives 430years as period of sojourn. Jerusalem would be rebuilt, so too the Temple of Solomon, and a Messiah would reign of the line of David, and house of Judah. The Pharaoh's daughter (Hebrew: , lit. Translational work is essential, and God uses it for spreading His message of mercy and grace to all people on this Earth. This begs the question of whether the life of Moses and the life of Amenhotep II line up . Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Maybemaybe not. There are Bibles with maps of the Exodus and none of them show a transition of the Red Sea. Definitely a late addition to the story. The name Pi-Ramesse went out of use by the beginning of Egypts Third Intermediate Period, which began around 1085 B.C.E., and does not reappear until much later. In the same time, the Pharaoh had previously sent to the provinces of Egypt for a mobilization against the Israeli people, and vast crowds of Egyptian soldiers were gathered and equipped in the capital city. The covenant between God and Abraham in Genesis 15:13 includes the prophecy: "And they [i.e., future oppressors] will enslave them [i.e., the Israelites] and torture them for four hundred years .". And it is not a favor that you have enslaved the Children of Israel. but we can not say more than that if it probably took place between the middle of the 16th and the 13th Century B C. As regards the crossing of the Red Sea it is a mistranslation of Sea of Reeds as Red Sea from Bible commentaries. Photo: Maryl Levine. There was NO pursuit and parting of the Red Sea. With the above in mind, I firmly believe end-times prophecy of revelations (mysteries and signs) in the heavens above and the earth beneath will bear witness to the integrity of Gods truth. Generally, persons and places in Bible refer to historical data since the 8th cent.B.C. THE DIRECTION OF THE MARCH. Horemheb chiseled out every place where Ayas name had been and replaced it with his own. O Moses, they commented on the Order, there is a tyrant people living in the Sacred Land, so we will not enter it until they get out of it: if they will do, we will enter. Scholars and people of many faiths line up on either side of the equation, and some say both. Also a whole, free city (Avaris) civilization of Semites arrive and grew in the period buried beneath city of Rameses. But The Washington Post reported that Schlapp is also braving external and internal strife, "including the exodus of more than half of its staff since 2021, according to the current and former . When Moses came to Our appointment and his Lord Allah spoke to him, Moses asked his Lord saying my Lord, allow me to see You, but Allah said you cannot see me; but look at the mountain if it will remain in its stability, then you will be able to see me. Why? For 600,000 men to have left Egypt in such an exodus would have involved approximately 2.5 million men, women, and children, not including livestock, at a time when the entire population of the country consisted of about 3.5 million the loss of 2/3 of the countrys population would have left more than a ripple in the nations economy. Robert wrote: Evidence for the Exodus needs to include ALL potential dates. I can agree on that point. As the last one of them reached the west coast, Moses wanted to strike the sea again to close up the road, but Allah ordered him: Let the sea open; they will be drowned soldiers. Growing to manhood, Allah bestowed Prophecy upon him, and provided him with many miracles that stand as the most distinguished among those given to His Prophets and Messengers.
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